Unit 7: Basic Windows Operations (Windows 7)

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Here we are going to discuss some basic Windows Operations or general settings using Windows 7 Operating System

Running an Application

Running an application in GUI based operating system is quite easy and can be done in many ways. Some of the ways are mentioned below:

1.  If the application icon is available on the desktop, double-click it

2.  Click on the Start Menu to open the list of applications installed. Choose the application you want       to run and double-click it.

3.  Click on Start Menu then click on Run and type the name of the application in the text box and           press enter.

Unit 6: Windows Operating System (Windows 7)

Important Note: Your comment is your attendance, so write your name and Enrollment No. in the comment section.

Purpose of the Module:

The purpose of this training module is to provide information to the learner with the basic skills about Graphic based system to operate computer. 

Specific Outcomes:

Learner will be able to handle basic operation and setting of computer using graphical Icons, Buttons or Mouse Click. 

Demonstrated Knowledge and Understanding:

·         Working of GUI (Graphical User Interface) based Operating System like Windows.

·         History and versions of Windows

·         Different components of Windows Operating System like Desktop, Taskbar, Windows Explorer, Recycle Bin, My Computer, Network, Control Penal and User Account.

Basics of Windows

Because there are many ways to set up Windows and do basic tasks, it's important to know your options and to choose those that best fit your needs. In this chapter, you learn about basic features that help you get your work done, as well as how to explore and customize Windows OS. You also learn about the Internet and how to get connected by using the Internet Connection wizard.

Versions of Windows OS

Windows Version (Newer to Older)	Release Date
Windows 10	29 July 2015
Windows 8.1	17 October 2013
Windows 8	26 October 2012
Windows 7	22 October 2009
Windows Vista	30 January 2007
Windows XP Professional x64	25 April 2005
Windows XP	25 October 2001
Windows ME	14 September 2000
Windows 2000	17 February 2000
Windows 98	25 June 1998
Windows 95	24 August 1995
Windows 3.1	April 1992
Windows 3.0	22 May 1990
Windows 2.0	9 December 1987
Windows 1.0	20 November 1985

Source: Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions)

Unit 5- Computer Networking

Important Note: Your comment is your attendance, so write your name and Enrollment No. in the comment section.

Purpose of this Module

The purpose of this training module is to provide information/knowledge to the learner with the basic skills about communication among computing devices through Computer Network. Definition of Computer Network

A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices like Hubs, Switches which are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are commonly categorized based on their characteristics. Networks are used to: Facilitate communication via email, video conferencing, instant messaging, etc. Enable multiple users to share a single hardware device like a printer or scanner Enable file sharing across the network Allow for the sharing of software or operating programs on remote systems Make information easier to access and maintain among network users Types of Network Fig: Local Area Networks (LAN) There are many types of networks, including: ·   Local Area Networks (LAN):  A local area network (LAN) is a computer network within a small geographical area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, office building or group of buildings.           A LAN is composed of inter-connected workstations and personal computers which are                 each capable of accessing and sharing data and devices, such as printers, scanners and data           storage devices, anywhere on the LAN. LANs are characterized by higher communication             and data transfer rates and the lack of any need for leased communication lines. ·      Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN):  A metropolitan area network (MAN) is similar to a local area network (LAN) but spans an entire city or campus. MANs are formed by connecting multiple LANs. Thus, MANs are larger than LANs but smaller than wide area networks (WAN). Fig: Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN) MANs are extremely efficient and provide fast communication via high-speed carriers, such as fiber optic cables. ·    Wide Area Networks (WAN): A wide area network (WAN) is a network that exists over a large-scale geographical area. A WAN connects different smaller networks, including local area networks (LANs) and metro area networks (MANs). This ensures that computers and users in one location can communicate with computers and users in other locations. WAN   implementation can be done either with the help of the public transmission system or a private network. Fig: Wide Area Networks (WAN) Virtual Private Network (VPN):  A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates a safe and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the internet. VPN technology was developed as a way to allow remote users and branch offices to securely access corporate applications and other resources Fig: Virtual Private Network (VPN) Network Topology Bus Topology: In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable, by the help of interface connectors. This central cable is the backbone of the network and is known as the bus (thus the name). A signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address, the data is accepted. Because the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather inexpensive to implement when compared to other topologies. However, the low cost of implementing the technology is offset by the high cost of managing the network. Additionally, because only one cable is utilized, it can be the single point of failure. In this topology data being transferred may be accessed by any node. Fig: Bus Topology Star Topology: In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point connection. So it can be said that every computer is indirectly connected to every other node with the help of the hub. In star topology, every node (computer workstation or any other peripheral) is connected to a central node called hub or switch. The switch is the server and the peripherals are the clients. Fig: Star Topology The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal repeater. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. Since all peripheral communication must flow through the central hub, the aggregate central bandwidth forms a network bottleneck for large clusters. Ring Topology: A ring topology is a bus topology in a closed loop. Data travels around the ring in one direction. When one node sends data to another, the data passes through each intermediate node on the ring until it reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes repeat (re transmit) the data to keep the signal strong. Every node is a peer; there is no hierarchical relationship of clients and servers. If one node is unable to re transmit data, it severs communication between the nodes before and after it in the bus. Fig: Ring Topology Advantages: When the load on the network increases, its performance is better than bus topology. There is no need of network server to control the connectivity between workstations. Disadvantages: Aggregate network bandwidth is bottlenecked by the weakest link between two nodes. Mesh Topology:  The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints. Fig: Mash Topology Hybrid Topology: Hybrid topology is also known as hybrid network. Hybrid networks combine two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network (or star-bus network) is a hybrid topology in which star networks are interconnected via bus networks. However, a tree network connected to another tree network is still topologically a tree network, not a distinct network type. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal repeater. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes. The primary disadvantage of the star topology is that the hub represents a single point of failure. Since all peripheral communication must flow through the central hub, the aggregate central bandwidth forms a network bottleneck for large clusters. Ring Topology: A ring topology is a bus topology in a closed loop. Data travels around the ring in one direction. When one node sends data to another, the data passes through each intermediate node on the ring until it reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes repeat (re transmit) the data to keep the signal strong. Every node is a peer; there is no hierarchical relationship of clients and servers. If one node is unable to re transmit data, it severs communication between the nodes before and after it in the bus. Fig: Ring Topology Advantages: When the load on the network increases, its performance is better than bus topology. There is no need of network server to control the connectivity between workstations. Disadvantages: Aggregate network bandwidth is bottlenecked by the weakest link between two nodes. Mesh Topology:  The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints. Fig: Mash Topology Hybrid Topology: Hybrid topology is also known as hybrid network. Hybrid networks combine two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network (or star-bus network) is a hybrid topology in which star networks are interconnected via bus networks. However, a tree network connected to another tree network is still topologically a tree network, not a distinct network type. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected.